Alpha Lipoic Acid
Unlike other antioxidants, which work only in water or fatty tissues, Alpha Lipoic Acid’s broader spectrum of antioxidant action results from its ability to function in both water and fat.[1,2] By comparison, vitamin E works only in fat and vitamin C works only in water. In addition, Alpha Lipoic Acid may be able to do the work of other antioxidants when the body is deficient in them.[3,4]
Because it plays a part in cellular energy production, some nutritionally oriented physicians recommend Alpha Lipoic Acid for the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome.[5] While evidence of its effectiveness for this condition is anecdotal, Alpha Lipoic Acid is a broad-spectrum antioxidant and immune system booster. This means it may be able to play a valuable role in increasing energy and maintaining overall health in chronic fatigue syndrome sufferers.
Several papers found R-(+)-Lipoic Acid and Acetyl-L-Carnitine reversed age-related markers in old rats to youthful levels.[6-12]
R-(+)-Lipoic Acid may function in vivo like a B-vitamin, and at higher doses like plant-derived nutrients, such as resveratrol, which induce phase II detoxification enzymes.[13,14] This stress response indirectly improves the antioxidant capacity of the cell.[15]
The antioxidant effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid were demonstrated when it was found to prevent the symptoms of vitamin C and vitamin E deficiency.[16]
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References
1. ISuzuki YJ, Tsuchiya M, Packer L. Lipoate prevents glucose-induced protein modifications. Free Radic Res Commun. 1992;17:211-217.
2. Jacob S, Ruus P, Hermann R, et al. Oral administration of RAC-alpha-lipoic acid modulates insulin sensitivity in
patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled pilot trial. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999;27:309-314.
3. Packer L, Witt EH, Tritschler HJ. Alpha-lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Radic Biol Med.
1995;19:227-250.
4. Podda M, Tritschler HJ, Ulrich H, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation prevents symptoms of vitamin E
deficiency. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994;204:98-104.
5. Logan AC, Wong C. Chronic fatigue syndrome: Oxidative stress and dietary modifications. Altern Med Rev.
2001 Oct;6(5):450-9.
6. Lecoq R, Chauchard P, Mazoue H (October 1958). "Comparative chronaxymetric research on the effects of
several vitaminic substances (stigmasterol, carnitine, thioctic acid)". Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des
seances de l'Academie des sciences 247 (17): 1411–3. PMID 13609011
7. McCarty MF (April 1981). "Toward a "bio-energy supplement" -- a prototype for functional orthomolecular
supplementation". Medical hypotheses 7 (4): 515–38. doi:10.1016/0306-9877(81)90038-4. PMID 6793816
8. Lykkesfeldt J, Hagen TM, Vinarsky V, Ames BN (Sep 1998). "Age-associated decline in ascorbic acid
concentration, recycling, and biosynthesis in rat hepatocytes--reversal with (R)-alpha-lipoic acid
supplementation". FASEB J. 12 (12): 1183–9. PMID 9737721
9. Hagen TM, Ingersoll RT, Lykkesfeldt J, Liu J, Wehr CM, Vinarsky V, Bartholomew JC, Ames AB (February
1999). "(R)-alpha-lipoic acid-supplemented old rats have improved mitochondrial function, decreased oxidative
damage, and increased metabolic rate". The FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American
Societies for Experimental Biology 13 (2): 411–8. PMID 9973329
10. Hagen TM, Vinarsky V, Wehr CM, Ames BN (2000). "(R)-alpha-lipoic acid reverses the age-associated
increase in susceptibility of hepatocytes to tert-butylhydroperoxide both in vitro and in vivo". Antioxidants &
redox signaling 2 (3): 473–83. doi:10.1089/15230860050192251. PMID 11229361
11. Hagen TM, Liu J, Lykkesfeldt J, Wehr CM, Ingersoll RT, Vinarsky V, Bartholomew JC, Ames BN (February
2002). "Feeding acetyl-l-carnitine and lipoic acid to old rats significantly improves metabolic function while
decreasing oxidative stress". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America 99 (4): 1870–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.261708898. PMC 122286. PMID 11854487
12. Liu, J; Head, E; Gharib, AM; Yuan, W; Ingersoll, RT; Hagen, TM; Cotman, CW; Ames, BN (2002). "Memory
loss in old rats is associated with brain mitochondrial decay and RNA/DNA oxidation: Partial reversal by feeding
acetyl-l-carnitine and/or R-α-lipoic acid". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
of America 99 (4): 2356–61. doi:10.1073/pnas.261709299. PMC 122369. PMID 11854529. Erratum in: Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A 2002 May 14;99(10):7184-5
13. Petersen-Shay K, Shenvi S, Hagen TM. Lipoic acid as an inducer of phase II detoxification enzymes through
activation of Nr-f2 dependent gene expression. Chapter 14 in Alpha Lipoic Acid: Energy Production, Antioxidant
Activity and Health Effects. Packer L, Patel M, eds. Boca Raton, New York, London: Taylor & Francis
Publishers (2008) 349-371; ISBN 978-1420045376
14. Chong-Kuei Lii, Kai-Li Liu, Yi-Ping Cheng, Ai-Hsuan Lin, Haw-Wen Chen,Chia-Wen Tsai. Sulforaphane and
-Lipoic Acid Upregulate the Expression of the Class of Glutathione S-Transferase through c-Jun and Nrf2
Activation 1,2. J. Nutr (March 17, 2010) doi:10.3945/jn.110.121418
15. Petersen Shay K, Moreau RF, Smith EJ, Hagen TM (June 2008). "Is alpha-lipoic acid a scavenger of reactive
oxygen species in vivo? Evidence for its initiation of stress signaling pathways that promote endogenous
antioxidant capacity". IUBMB life 60 (6): 362–7. doi:10.1002/iub.40. PMID 18409172\
16. Murphy GE, Jensen GJ. (2005). "Electron cryotomography of the E. coli pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate
dehydrogenase complexes". Structure 13 (12): 1765–1773. doi:10.1016/j.str.2005.08.016. PMID 16338405. [2] - See more at: http://www.myelebra.com/Alpha-Lipoic-Acid.html#sthash.XjTpoS3T.dpuf